Spain
![Celtic castro in Galicia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg)
In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by Celtic and Iberian tribes, along with other local pre-Roman peoples. With the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the province of Hispania was established. Following the Romanization and Christianization of Hispania, the fall of the Western Roman Empire ushered in the inward migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the Visigoths, who formed the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate, and during early Islamic rule, Al-Andalus became a dominant peninsular power centred in Córdoba. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the ''Reconquista'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492. The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 under the Catholic Monarchs is often considered the ''de facto'' unification of Spain as a nation-state.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain pioneered the exploration of the New World and the first circumnavigation of the globe. At the same time, it formed one of the largest empires in history through colonization. The Spanish empire reached a global scale and spread across continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by precious metals. The 18th century was marked by extensive reforms and, notably, the Bourbon reforms centralized mainland Spain. In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic occupation and the victorious Spanish War of independence, the following political divisions between liberals and absolutists led to the breakaway of most of the American colonies. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the Spanish Civil War, giving rise to the Francoist dictatorship that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an economic boom that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the ''Siglo de Oro'', Spanish art, architecture, music, poetry, painting, literature, and cuisine have been influential worldwide, particularly in Western Europe and the Americas. Spain is one of the main nations of Latin Europe and a cultural superpower. As a reflection of its large cultural wealth, Spain is the world's second-most visited country, has one of the world's largest numbers of World Heritage Sites, and it is the most popular destination for European students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million Hispanophones, making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language and the world's most widely spoken Romance language.
Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. It is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP (fourth of the European Union) and the fifteenth-largest by PPP. Spain is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a permanent guest of the G20, and is part of many other international organizations such as the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Provided by Wikipedia
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11by Montoya Guzmán, Jaime Oswaldo, España Canalez, Glenda Maritza, Chacón Carranza, Jennifer EsmeraldaGet full text
Published 2007
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12by Montoya Guzmán, Jaime Oswaldo, Chacón Carranza, Jennifer Esmeralda, España Canalez, Glenda MaritzaGet full text
Published 2007
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13by Congreso V Centenario del Sitio de Logroño (1°: 11 y 12 de noviembre de 2021: España), Leal, Gabriel HoracioGet full text
Published 2021
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14by Bedoya-Pilozo, César, Medina Magües, Lex Guillermo, Espinosa-García, Maylen, Sánchez, Martha, Parrales Valdiviezo, Johanna, Molina, Denisse, Ibarra, María Alejandra, Quimis-Ponce, María, España, Karool, Párraga Macias, Karla, Cajas Flores, Nancy, Narváez, Solon Alberto Orlando, Robalino Penaherrera, Jorge Andrés, Chedraui, Peter, Escobar, Saul, Loja Chango, Rita Dolores, Ramírez-Morán, Cecibel, Espinoza-Caicedo, Jasson, Sánchez-Giler, Sunny, Limia, Celia M., Alemán, Yoan, Soto, Yudira, Kouri, Vivian, Culasso, Andrés Carlos Alberto, Badano, InésGet full text
Published 2018
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15by Rivera Guapulema, Angélica, De la Plata, Janice, Montiel, Marynes, Romero, Christian, Piedrahíta, Paolo, Sánchez, Eduardo, Moreno, Arturo, Espinosa-García, Maylen, Bedoya-Pilozo, César, Arreaga, Carlos, España, Karool, Parrales, Eduardo, Zhingre, Alicia, Sánchez-Giler, Sunny, Campoverde, Alfredo, Dalgo, Paola, Arévalo, Paulina, García, Gustavo, Mendoza, Marcia, Ruiz, Juan, Sánchez, Martha, Medina Magües, Lex Guillermo, Párraga Macias, Karla, Ibarra, María Alejandra, Quimis-Ponce, María, Parrales Valdiviezo, Johanna, Molina, Denisse, Badano, Inés, Narváez, Solon Alberto Orlando, Vega Luzuriaga, Patricio, Ortiz, Angel, Muñoz, Marcelo, Chusan, JhonGet full text
Published 2018
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20by Silva Rodríguez, ManuelOther Authors: “…Kuéllar España, Diana…”
Published 2015
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